Dictionaryⁱ

On the welcome page of the dictionary, four major sections are shown: Normal tissues, Cancer, Cell structure and Protein expression. Below the image of each section are links to introductory texts for i) normal tissue histology, ii) hallmarks of cancer and iii) cell cycle overview. Within each section there are direct links to histology descriptions of different tissue types and tumor forms as well as descriptions of cell structures. Furthest to the right there is a "Protein expression" section which includes a list of genes with links to examples of different protein expression patterns.

A common feature for all sections is that a general descriptive text about the tissue, tumor-type, cell structure or protein/antibody is provided when browsing a particular topic.

NORMAL TISSUE HISTOLOGYi Tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) are shown at three different levels of magnification. On the top level, an overview of the whole tissue-sample is shown with boxes in black indicating where zoomed-in representative parts of the tissue are available for viewing. Clicking on these boxes will zoom in on that part to show tissue structures, cells and features in greater detail. Throughout these sections, arrows indicate relevant tissue structures, cell-types and other features. Tissue histology overview   Tissue & cell types Adrenal gland Anal skin Appendix Bone marrow Breast Bronchus Caudate Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Cervix, uterine Colon Duodenum Endometrium Epididymis Esophagus Fallopian tube Gallbladder Heart muscle Hippocampus Kidney Liver Lung Lymph node Nasopharynx Oral mucosa Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid gland Placenta Prostate Rectum Salivary gland Seminal vesicle Skeletal muscle Skin Small intestine Smooth muscle Soft tissue Spleen Stomach Testis Thyroid gland Tonsil Urinary bladder Vagina

PATHOLOGYi Tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) are shown at three different levels of magnification. On the top level, an overview of the whole tissue-sample is shown with boxes in black indicating where zoomed-in representative parts of the tissue are available for viewing. Clicking on these boxes will zoom in on that part to show tissue structures, cells and features in greater detail. Hallmarks of cancer Cancer statistics Tumors Breast cancer Carcinoid Cervical cancer Colorectal cancer Endometrial cancer Glioma Head and neck cancer Liver cancer Lung cancer Lymphoma Melanoma Ovarian cancer Pancreatic cancer Prostate cancer Renal cancer Skin cancer Stomach cancer Testis cancer Thyroid cancer Urothelial cancer

CELL STRUCTUREi Immunofluorescent images of formaldehyde-fixed cell lines are shown. Three different organelle markers are displayed as different channels in the multicolor images - nucleus stained in blue, microtubules in red and ER in yellow. The various cell structures that are demonstrated are always shown in the green channel using an antibody found in the Human Protein Atlas. The antibody id is linked to the corresponding Cell Atlas protein page. By using the "toggle channels"-buttons, the different channels can be turned on and off. Most cell structures can be highlighted in the cell illustration by hovering over them with the exception of the aggresome. Cytoplasmic bodies are highlighted as cytosol; cytokinetic bridge, midbody, midbody ring and mitotic spindle are highlighted as microtubules, cell junctions are highlighted as plasma membrane and nucleus is highlighted as nucleoplasm. Cell structure overview Single-cell variation Cell structures Actin filaments Aggresome Cell Junctions Centrosome Cleavage furrow Cytokinetic bridge Cytoplasmic bodies Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum Endosomes Focal adhesion sites Golgi apparatus Intermediate filaments Lipid droplets Lysosomes Microtubule ends Microtubule organizing center Microtubules Midbody Midbody ring Mitochondria Mitotic spindle Nuclear bodies Nuclear membrane Nuclear speckles Nucleoli Nucleoli fibrillar center Nucleoplasm Nucleus Peroxisomes Plasma membrane Rods & Rings Vesicles

PROTEIN EXPRESSIONi Normal and cancer tissues have been stained using immunohistochemistry to visualize various protein expression patterns. Antibodies have been selected to demonstrate the expression patterns of well-known proteins and to reflect antibodies used in clinical diagnostics to determine the nature of a given cancer. For certain antibodies the corresponding protein expression pattern is shown in both normal and cancer tissues. For each exemplified protein there is a short descriptive text including the clinical usefulness of the corresponding antibody.     Immunohistochemistry ACTA2 Smooth muscle marker AMACR Marker for prostate cancer AMY1A Amylase - Marker for salivary gland and pancreas CD1A Marker for antigen presenting cells CD3E CD3 - General T cell marker CD4 T helper cell marker CD55 Marker for the reticular network in lymphatic tissues CD68 General monocyte/histiocyte/macrophage marker CD79A General B cell marker CD8A CD8 - T cytotoxic cell marker CDH1 E-cadherin - Marker for non-neural epithelial cells CDX2 Marker for cells in the gastrointestinal tract CHGA Chromogranin A - Marker for neuroendocrine cells DES Desmin - Marker for muscle cells ERBB2 HER2 - Treatment predictive marker for cancer ESR1 Estrogen receptor alpha - Marker for female tissues and cancers FLG Filaggrin - Differentiation marker for squamous epithelia GAST Gastrin - Marker for G-cells of the stomach GCG Glucagon - Marker for pancreatic alpha-cells GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein - Marker for astrocytes INS Insulin - Marker for pancreatic beta-cells KLK3 PSA - Marker for normal prostate and prostate cancer KRT18 Keratin 18 - Epithelial cell marker used for differential diagnostics of cancer KRT19 Keratin 19 - Epithelial cell marker used for differential diagnostics of cancer KRT20 Keratin 20 - Epithelial cell marker used for differential diagnostics of cancer KRT6A Keratin 6 (KRT6) - Epithelial cell marker used for differential diagnostics of cancer MKI67 Ki-67 - General marker for proliferation MLANA Melan-A - Marker for normal melanocytes and melanoma MME CD10 - Marker for acute lymphoblastic leukemia NKX2-1 NK2 homeobox 1 (TTF1) - Marker for lungcancer PECAM1 CD31 - Marker for blood vessels PGR Progesterone receptor - Marker for female tissues and cancers PODXL Marker for podocytes in glomeruli PTH Parathyroid hormone - Marker for the parathyroid gland PTPRC CD45 - General marker for hematopoietic and immune cells. S100B S100 - Marker for neurogenic and melanocytic cells SATB2 Marker for colorectal cancer SDC1 CD138 - General plasma cell marker SST Somatostatin - Marker for pancreatic delta-cells TG Thyroglobulin - Marker for normal thyroid and thyroid cancer TNNT3 Troponin T type 3 - Marker for fast skeletal muscles TP53 Tumor protein p53 - The anti-cancer watchdog TP63 P63 - Marker for basal epithelial cells VIM Vimentin - Marker for mesenchymal cells