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RNA category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples (RNA assay description). The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected. RNA category is calculated separately for data imported from The Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEX), FANTOM5 Consortium (FANTOM5) and internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) data.
Protein evidence scores are generated from several independent sources and are classified as evidence at i) protein level, ii) transcript level, iii) no evidence, or iv) not available.
Evidence at protein level
Protein expressioni
A summary of the overall protein expression pattern across the analyzed normal tissues. The summary is based on knowledge-based annotation.
"Estimation of protein expression could not be performed. View primary data." is shown for genes analyzed with a knowledge-based approach where available RNA-seq and gene/protein characterization data has been evaluated as not sufficient in combination with immunohistochemistry data to yield a reliable estimation of the protein expression profile.
Nuclear expression in fractions of cells in most tissues.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY DATA RELIABILITY
Data reliability descriptioni
Standardized explanatory sentences with additional information required for full understanding of the knowledge-based expression profile.
Antibody staining mainly consistent with RNA expression data.
Reliability scorei
Reliability score (score description), divided into Enhanced, Supported, Approved, or Uncertain, is evaluated in normal tissues and based on consistency between antibody staining pattern, available RNA-Seq and gene/protein characterization data, as well as similarity between independent antibodies targeting the same protein.
Below is an overview of RNA and protein expression data generated in the Human Protein Atlas project. Analyzed tissues are divided into color-coded groups according to which functional features they have in common. For each group, a list of included tissues is accessed by clicking on group name, group symbol, RNA bar, or protein bar. Subsequent selection of a particular tissue in this list links to the image data page.
Images of selected tissues give a visual summary of the protein expression profile furthest to the right.
The gray human body provides links to a histology dictionary when clicking on any part of the figure.
RNA expression (TPM)i
RNA-seq results generated in HPA are reported as number of transcripts per million (TPM). Each bar represents the highest expression score found in a particular group of tissues. The assay is described more in detail in Assays & Annotation.
Protein expression (score)i
Each bar represents the highest expression score found in a particular group of tissues. Protein expression scores are based on a best estimate of the "true" protein expression from a knowledge-based annotation, described more in detail under Assays & annotation. For genes where more than one antibody has been used, a collective score is set displaying the estimated true protein expression.
Protein expression data is shown for each of the 44 tissues. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. Mouse-over function shows protein score for analyzed cell types in a selected tissue. To access image data click on tissue name or bar. Annotation of protein expression is described in detail in Assays & annotation.
For genes with available protein data for which a knowledge-based annotation gave inconclusive results, no protein expression data is displayed in the protein expression data overview. However, all immunohistochemical images are still available and the annotation data can be found under Primary data.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA EXPRESSION OVERVIEWi
RNA expression overview shows RNA-data from three different sources: Internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) RNA-seq data, RNA-seq data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and CAGE data from FANTOM5 project. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar.
HPA dataseti
HPA dataset RNA-seq tissue data is reported as mean TPM (transcripts per million), corresponding to mean values of the different individual samples from each tissue. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar. The RNA-seq assay is described in detail in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category HPA HPA RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on mRNA expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Expressed in all
GTEx dataseti
GTEx dataset RNA-seq data is reported as median RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads), generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. More information can be found in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category GTEx GTEx RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on mRNA expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Expressed in all
FANTOM5 dataseti
FANTOM5 dataset Tissue data obtained through Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) are reported as Tags Per Million, generated by the FANTOM5 project. More information can be found in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category FANTOM5 FANTOM5 RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on gene expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Expressed in all
GENE INFORMATIONi
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
This gene encodes a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. The encoded protein binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase2 or -cyclin-dependent kinase4 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at G1. The expression of this gene is tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor protein p53, through which this protein mediates the p53-dependent cell cycle G1 phase arrest in response to a variety of stress stimuli. This protein can interact with proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a DNA polymerase accessory factor, and plays a regulatory role in S phase DNA replication and DNA damage repair. This protein was reported to be specifically cleaved by CASP3-like caspases, which thus leads to a dramatic activation of cyclin-dependent kinase2, and may be instrumental in the execution of apoptosis following caspase activation. Mice that lack this gene have the ability to regenerate damaged or missing tissue. Multiple alternatively spliced variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]
The protein browser displays the antigen location on the target protein(s) and the features of the target protein. The tabs at the top of the protein view section can be used to switch between the different splice variants to which an antigen has been mapped.
At the top of the view, the position of the antigen (identified by the corresponding HPA identifier) is shown as a green bar. A yellow triangle on the bar indicates a <100% sequence identity to the protein target.
Under the antigens, the maximum percent sequence identity of the protein to all other proteins from other human genes is displayed, using a sliding window of 10 aa residues (HsID 10) or 50 aa residues (HsID 50). The region with the lowest possible identity is always selected for antigen design, with a maximum identity of 60% allowed for designing a single-target antigen (read more).
The curve in blue displays the predicted antigenicity i.e. the tendency for different regions of the protein to generate an immune response, with peak regions being predicted to be more antigenic.The curve shows average values based on a sliding window approach using an in-house propensity scale. (read more).
If a signal peptide is predicted by a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius (turquoise) and/or transmembrane regions (orange) are predicted by MDM, these are displayed.
Low complexity regions are shown in yellow and InterPro regions in green. Common (purple) and unique (grey) regions between different splice variants of the gene are also displayed (read more), and at the bottom of the protein view is the protein scale.
CDKN1A-001
CDKN1A-002
CDKN1A-201
CDKN1A-202
CDKN1A-203
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000079 [regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0000082 [G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000086 [G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000307 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex] GO:0004860 [protein kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0004861 [cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005730 [nucleolus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0006977 [DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest] GO:0007049 [cell cycle] GO:0007050 [cell cycle arrest] GO:0007265 [Ras protein signal transduction] GO:0007346 [regulation of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016604 [nuclear body] GO:0019912 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase activity] GO:0030308 [negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031625 [ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0031668 [cellular response to extracellular stimulus] GO:0034198 [cellular response to amino acid starvation] GO:0042326 [negative regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0045860 [positive regulation of protein kinase activity] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0048146 [positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation] GO:0050821 [protein stabilization] GO:0070557 [PCNA-p21 complex] GO:0071479 [cellular response to ionizing radiation] GO:0071493 [cellular response to UV-B] GO:0072331 [signal transduction by p53 class mediator] GO:0090398 [cellular senescence] GO:0090400 [stress-induced premature senescence] GO:0097193 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1904031 [positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity] GO:2000134 [negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:2000379 [positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process]
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000079 [regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0000082 [G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000086 [G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000307 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex] GO:0004860 [protein kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0004861 [cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005730 [nucleolus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0006977 [DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest] GO:0007049 [cell cycle] GO:0007050 [cell cycle arrest] GO:0007265 [Ras protein signal transduction] GO:0007346 [regulation of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016604 [nuclear body] GO:0019912 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase activity] GO:0030308 [negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031625 [ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0031668 [cellular response to extracellular stimulus] GO:0034198 [cellular response to amino acid starvation] GO:0042326 [negative regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0045860 [positive regulation of protein kinase activity] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0048146 [positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation] GO:0050821 [protein stabilization] GO:0070557 [PCNA-p21 complex] GO:0071479 [cellular response to ionizing radiation] GO:0071493 [cellular response to UV-B] GO:0072331 [signal transduction by p53 class mediator] GO:0090398 [cellular senescence] GO:0090400 [stress-induced premature senescence] GO:0097193 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1904031 [positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity] GO:2000134 [negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:2000379 [positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process]
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000079 [regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0000082 [G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000086 [G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000307 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex] GO:0004860 [protein kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0004861 [cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005730 [nucleolus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0006977 [DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest] GO:0006978 [DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator] GO:0007049 [cell cycle] GO:0007050 [cell cycle arrest] GO:0007265 [Ras protein signal transduction] GO:0007346 [regulation of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0009411 [response to UV] GO:0009636 [response to toxic substance] GO:0010033 [response to organic substance] GO:0010165 [response to X-ray] GO:0010243 [response to organonitrogen compound] GO:0010629 [negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0010942 [positive regulation of cell death] GO:0014070 [response to organic cyclic compound] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016604 [nuclear body] GO:0019912 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase activity] GO:0030308 [negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0030332 [cyclin binding] GO:0030890 [positive regulation of B cell proliferation] GO:0031100 [animal organ regeneration] GO:0031625 [ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0031668 [cellular response to extracellular stimulus] GO:0032403 [protein complex binding] GO:0033158 [regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation] GO:0034198 [cellular response to amino acid starvation] GO:0034605 [cellular response to heat] GO:0042326 [negative regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0042493 [response to drug] GO:0042771 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043068 [positive regulation of programmed cell death] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0045736 [negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0045860 [positive regulation of protein kinase activity] GO:0046685 [response to arsenic-containing substance] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0048146 [positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation] GO:0048471 [perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0050821 [protein stabilization] GO:0051384 [response to glucocorticoid] GO:0051412 [response to corticosterone] GO:0051726 [regulation of cell cycle] GO:0055093 [response to hyperoxia] GO:0060574 [intestinal epithelial cell maturation] GO:0070557 [PCNA-p21 complex] GO:0071479 [cellular response to ionizing radiation] GO:0071480 [cellular response to gamma radiation] GO:0071493 [cellular response to UV-B] GO:0071850 [mitotic cell cycle arrest] GO:0072331 [signal transduction by p53 class mediator] GO:0090398 [cellular senescence] GO:0090399 [replicative senescence] GO:0090400 [stress-induced premature senescence] GO:0097193 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1904031 [positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity] GO:2000134 [negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:2000278 [regulation of DNA biosynthetic process] GO:2000379 [positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process]
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000079 [regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0000082 [G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000086 [G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000307 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex] GO:0004860 [protein kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0004861 [cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005730 [nucleolus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0006977 [DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest] GO:0007049 [cell cycle] GO:0007050 [cell cycle arrest] GO:0007265 [Ras protein signal transduction] GO:0007346 [regulation of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016604 [nuclear body] GO:0019912 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase activity] GO:0030308 [negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031625 [ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0031668 [cellular response to extracellular stimulus] GO:0034198 [cellular response to amino acid starvation] GO:0042326 [negative regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0045860 [positive regulation of protein kinase activity] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0048146 [positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation] GO:0050821 [protein stabilization] GO:0070557 [PCNA-p21 complex] GO:0071479 [cellular response to ionizing radiation] GO:0071493 [cellular response to UV-B] GO:0072331 [signal transduction by p53 class mediator] GO:0090398 [cellular senescence] GO:0090400 [stress-induced premature senescence] GO:0097193 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1904031 [positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity] GO:2000134 [negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:2000379 [positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process]
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000079 [regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0000082 [G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000086 [G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0000307 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex] GO:0004860 [protein kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0004861 [cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005730 [nucleolus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0006977 [DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest] GO:0007049 [cell cycle] GO:0007050 [cell cycle arrest] GO:0007265 [Ras protein signal transduction] GO:0007346 [regulation of mitotic cell cycle] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016604 [nuclear body] GO:0019912 [cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase activity] GO:0030308 [negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0031625 [ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0031668 [cellular response to extracellular stimulus] GO:0034198 [cellular response to amino acid starvation] GO:0042326 [negative regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0045860 [positive regulation of protein kinase activity] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0048146 [positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation] GO:0050821 [protein stabilization] GO:0070557 [PCNA-p21 complex] GO:0071479 [cellular response to ionizing radiation] GO:0071493 [cellular response to UV-B] GO:0072331 [signal transduction by p53 class mediator] GO:0090398 [cellular senescence] GO:0090400 [stress-induced premature senescence] GO:0097193 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1904031 [positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity] GO:2000134 [negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle] GO:2000379 [positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
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