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Show complete data for human cells assay. The location(s) are highlighted in the illustration on the right.
Localized to the mitochondria.
RNA cell categoryi
The cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas have been analyzed by RNA-seq to estimate the transcript abundance of each protein-coding gene. The RNA-seq data was then used to classify all genes according to their cell line-specific expression into one of six different categories, defined based on the total set of all TPM values in all analyzed cell lines.
Protein evidence scores are generated from several independent sources and are classified as evidence at i) protein level, ii) transcript level, iii) no evidence, or iv) not available.
Evidence at protein level
Main locationi
The main location is characterized by presence in all tested cell lines and/or increased intensity compared to other locations. It is highlighted in the illustration to the right. If available, links to overrepresentation analyses in Reactome, a free, open-source, curated and peer reviewed biological pathway database, are provided. An analysis is done for the corresponding gene set of the proteome localizing to the main and additional locations of the protein on this page, respectively.
Localized to the Mitochondria (enhanced)
DATA RELIABILITY
Reliability scorei
A reliability score is set for all genes and indicates the level of reliability of the analyzed protein expression pattern based on available protein/RNA/gene characterization data. The reliability of the annotated protein expression data is also scored depending on similarity in immunostaining patterns and consistency with available experimental gene/protein characterization data in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database.
Below is an overview of RNA expression data generated in the HPA project. The analyzed cell lines are divided into 12 color-coded groups according to the organ they were obtained from. By clicking the toolbars in the top right corner it is possible to sort the cell lines in the chart by different criteria: the organ and the origin that the cell line was obtained from, the category of the cell line according to cellosaurus, alphabetically or by descending RNA expression. Detailed information about a specific cell line can be accessed by hovering over the corresponding bar in the chart. The RNA-sequencing results generated in the HPA are reported as number of Transcripts per Kilobase Million (TPM). In the Human Protein Atlas a TPM value of 1.0 is defined as a treshhold for expression of the corresponding protein.
The cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas have been analyzed by RNA-seq to estimate the transcript abundance of each protein-coding gene. The RNA-seq data was then used to classify all genes according to their cell line-specific expression into one of six different categories, defined based on the total set of all TPM values in all analyzed cell lines.
Cell lines sorted after organ of phenotypic resemblance.
Cell lines sorted after biological source for establishment.
Cell lines sorted after the cell line category according to Cellosaurus.
Cell lines sorted on descending RNA expression.
Cell lines sorted alphabetically.
HUMAN CELLSi
The "human cells" section gives an overview about the subcellular location of the protein of interest obtained by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, an antibody-based protein-visualization technique. The immunofluorescent analysis is carried out in three different cell lines, one of them always being U-2 OS. A selection of immunofluorescent images is displayed below. Three different organelle probes are displayed as different channels in the multicolor images - nucleus stained in blue, microtubules in red and ER in yellow. The antibody staining targeting the protein of interest is shown in green. By using the toggle channel buttons, the different channels can be turned on and off. For the selection of the images to compare, use the checkboxes next to the images at the bottom. Three images can be compared at a time. All images are clickable for an enlarged view. The selected image will appear in large size and miniature images with all other staining results for this gene will be listed at the top left of the image. The selected miniature image has an orange overlay. For cell structure reference, visit the cell dictionary.
Summaryi
Summary of the immunofluorescent analysis in all studied cell lines with all tested antibodies.
Localized to the mitochondria.
Main locationi
The main location is characterized by presence in all tested cell lines and/or increased intensity compared to other locations.
Mitochondria (enhanced)
Toggle channelsi
Three different organelle probes are displayed as different channels in the multicolor images - nucleus stained in blue, microtubules in red and ER in yellow. The antibody staining targeting the protein of interest is shown in green. By using the "toggle channels"-buttons, the different channels can be turned on and off. The intensity toggle shows the pixel intensity range in 16 different colors for the selected channel. The object toggle shows the computational segmentation of the cells used for further analysis in the HPA project. For samples where cell cycle dependency for the protein is suggested according to a correlation assay the predicted cell cycle position of each cell is displayed when using the object toggle.
Low
High
G1
S
G2
M
N/A
Thumbnaili
Representative images for the assay. Three images can be compared at the same time. To change which images to compare, use the checkboxes next to the images below. All images are clickable for an enlarged view. The selected image will appear in large size and miniature images with all other staining results for this gene will be listed at the top left of the image. The selected miniature image has an orange overlay.
Antibodyi
Antibody used for analysis. Clicking the antibody ID links to the antibody validation page.
Cell linei
Cell line used for analysis. Read more about the cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas.
Locationi
Location(s) annotated in the corresponding cell line.
Single-cell variationi
As the images in the Cell Atlas provide single cell resolution, variations in protein expression patterns from cell to cell can be observed. A single-cell variation can either be observed in the intensity of the immunofluorescent signal or in the spatial distribution pattern of the protein. This column contains information about whether and for which of the annotated locations a single-cell variation pattern was manually annotated.
Cell cycle dependent variationi
A likely cause for single-cell variation in the immunofluorescent images is cell cycle dependency. This column contains information about whether the manually observed cell-to-cell variation pattern correlates with cell cycle progression.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Gene name
BAD (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
BBC2, BCL2L8
Description
BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the BCL-2 family. BCL-2 family members are known to be regulators of programmed cell death. This protein positively regulates cell apoptosis by forming heterodimers with BCL-xL and BCL-2, and reversing their death repressor activity. Proapoptotic activity of this protein is regulated through its phosphorylation. Protein kinases AKT and MAP kinase, as well as protein phosphatase calcineurin were found to be involved in the regulation of this protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same isoform. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
The protein browser displays the antigen location on the target protein(s) and the features of the target protein. The tabs at the top of the protein view section can be used to switch between the different splice variants to which an antigen has been mapped.
At the top of the view, the position of the antigen (identified by the corresponding HPA identifier) is shown as a green bar. A yellow triangle on the bar indicates a <100% sequence identity to the protein target.
Under the antigens, the maximum percent sequence identity of the protein to all other proteins from other human genes is displayed, using a sliding window of 10 aa residues (HsID 10) or 50 aa residues (HsID 50). The region with the lowest possible identity is always selected for antigen design, with a maximum identity of 60% allowed for designing a single-target antigen (read more).
The curve in blue displays the predicted antigenicity i.e. the tendency for different regions of the protein to generate an immune response, with peak regions being predicted to be more antigenic.The curve shows average values based on a sliding window approach using an in-house propensity scale. (read more).
If a signal peptide is predicted by a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius (turquoise) and/or transmembrane regions (orange) are predicted by MDM, these are displayed.
Low complexity regions are shown in yellow and InterPro regions in green. Common (purple) and unique (grey) regions between different splice variants of the gene are also displayed (read more), and at the bottom of the protein view is the protein scale.
BAD-001
BAD-002
BAD-003
BAD-004
BAD-005
BAD-008
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
Q92934 [Direct mapping] Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death A0A024R562 [Target identity:100%; Query identity:100%] BCL2-antagonist of cell death, isoform CRA_c
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Predicted intracellular proteins RAS pathway related proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0001844 [protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005543 [phospholipid binding] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005739 [mitochondrion] GO:0005741 [mitochondrial outer membrane] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006915 [apoptotic process] GO:0006919 [activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0008289 [lipid binding] GO:0008656 [cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0010508 [positive regulation of autophagy] GO:0010918 [positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential] GO:0016020 [membrane] GO:0019901 [protein kinase binding] GO:0032024 [positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0033133 [positive regulation of glucokinase activity] GO:0042593 [glucose homeostasis] GO:0043065 [positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043280 [positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0044342 [type B pancreatic cell proliferation] GO:0045862 [positive regulation of proteolysis] GO:0045918 [negative regulation of cytolysis] GO:0046031 [ADP metabolic process] GO:0046034 [ATP metabolic process] GO:0046902 [regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability] GO:0046931 [pore complex assembly] GO:0050679 [positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation] GO:0071260 [cellular response to mechanical stimulus] GO:0071316 [cellular response to nicotine] GO:0071456 [cellular response to hypoxia] GO:0090200 [positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria] GO:0097191 [extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0097193 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0097202 [activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity] GO:1900740 [positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:2000078 [positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell development] GO:2001244 [positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway]
Q92934 [Direct mapping] Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death A0A024R562 [Target identity:100%; Query identity:100%] BCL2-antagonist of cell death, isoform CRA_c
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Predicted intracellular proteins RAS pathway related proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0001666 [response to hypoxia] GO:0001836 [release of cytochrome c from mitochondria] GO:0001844 [protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005543 [phospholipid binding] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005739 [mitochondrion] GO:0005741 [mitochondrial outer membrane] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006007 [glucose catabolic process] GO:0006915 [apoptotic process] GO:0006919 [activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0007283 [spermatogenesis] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0008289 [lipid binding] GO:0008625 [extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors] GO:0008630 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage] GO:0008656 [cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0009725 [response to hormone] GO:0009749 [response to glucose] GO:0010033 [response to organic substance] GO:0010508 [positive regulation of autophagy] GO:0010918 [positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential] GO:0014070 [response to organic cyclic compound] GO:0016020 [membrane] GO:0019050 [suppression by virus of host apoptotic process] GO:0019221 [cytokine-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0019901 [protein kinase binding] GO:0019903 [protein phosphatase binding] GO:0021987 [cerebral cortex development] GO:0030346 [protein phosphatase 2B binding] GO:0032024 [positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032355 [response to estradiol] GO:0032570 [response to progesterone] GO:0033133 [positive regulation of glucokinase activity] GO:0033574 [response to testosterone] GO:0034201 [response to oleic acid] GO:0035774 [positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus] GO:0042493 [response to drug] GO:0042542 [response to hydrogen peroxide] GO:0042593 [glucose homeostasis] GO:0042981 [regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043065 [positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043200 [response to amino acid] GO:0043280 [positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0043281 [regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0043422 [protein kinase B binding] GO:0044342 [type B pancreatic cell proliferation] GO:0045471 [response to ethanol] GO:0045579 [positive regulation of B cell differentiation] GO:0045582 [positive regulation of T cell differentiation] GO:0045862 [positive regulation of proteolysis] GO:0045918 [negative regulation of cytolysis] GO:0046031 [ADP metabolic process] GO:0046034 [ATP metabolic process] GO:0046902 [regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability] GO:0046931 [pore complex assembly] GO:0046982 [protein heterodimerization activity] GO:0050679 [positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation] GO:0051384 [response to glucocorticoid] GO:0051592 [response to calcium ion] GO:0060139 [positive regulation of apoptotic process by virus] GO:0060154 [cellular process regulating host cell cycle in response to virus] GO:0071247 [cellular response to chromate] GO:0071260 [cellular response to mechanical stimulus] GO:0071316 [cellular response to nicotine] GO:0071396 [cellular response to lipid] GO:0071456 [cellular response to hypoxia] GO:0071889 [14-3-3 protein binding] GO:0090200 [positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria] GO:0097190 [apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0097191 [extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0097192 [extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand] GO:0097193 [intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0097202 [activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity] GO:1900740 [positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1901216 [positive regulation of neuron death] GO:2000078 [positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell development] GO:2001244 [positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
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