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RNA category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples (RNA assay description). The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected. RNA category is calculated separately for data imported from The Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEX), FANTOM5 Consortium (FANTOM5) and internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) data.
Protein evidence scores are generated from several independent sources and are classified as evidence at i) protein level, ii) transcript level, iii) no evidence, or iv) not available.
Evidence at protein level
Protein expressioni
A summary of the overall protein expression pattern across the analyzed normal tissues. The summary is based on knowledge-based annotation.
"Estimation of protein expression could not be performed. View primary data." is shown for genes analyzed with a knowledge-based approach where available RNA-seq and gene/protein characterization data has been evaluated as not sufficient in combination with immunohistochemistry data to yield a reliable estimation of the protein expression profile.
Nuclear expression in several tissues, mainly in reproductive organs.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY DATA RELIABILITY
Data reliability descriptioni
Standardized explanatory sentences with additional information required for full understanding of the knowledge-based expression profile.
Antibody staining consistent with RNA expression data.
Reliability scorei
Reliability score (score description), divided into Enhanced, Supported, Approved, or Uncertain, is evaluated in normal tissues and based on consistency between antibody staining pattern, available RNA-Seq and gene/protein characterization data, as well as similarity between independent antibodies targeting the same protein.
Below is an overview of RNA and protein expression data generated in the Human Protein Atlas project. Analyzed tissues are divided into color-coded groups according to which functional features they have in common. For each group, a list of included tissues is accessed by clicking on group name, group symbol, RNA bar, or protein bar. Subsequent selection of a particular tissue in this list links to the image data page.
Images of selected tissues give a visual summary of the protein expression profile furthest to the right.
The gray human body provides links to a histology dictionary when clicking on any part of the figure.
RNA expression (TPM)i
RNA-seq results generated in HPA are reported as number of transcripts per million (TPM). Each bar represents the highest expression score found in a particular group of tissues. The assay is described more in detail in Assays & Annotation.
Protein expression (score)i
Each bar represents the highest expression score found in a particular group of tissues. Protein expression scores are based on a best estimate of the "true" protein expression from a knowledge-based annotation, described more in detail under Assays & annotation. For genes where more than one antibody has been used, a collective score is set displaying the estimated true protein expression.
Protein expression data is shown for each of the 44 tissues. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. Mouse-over function shows protein score for analyzed cell types in a selected tissue. To access image data click on tissue name or bar. Annotation of protein expression is described in detail in Assays & annotation.
For genes with available protein data for which a knowledge-based annotation gave inconclusive results, no protein expression data is displayed in the protein expression data overview. However, all immunohistochemical images are still available and the annotation data can be found under Primary data.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA EXPRESSION OVERVIEWi
RNA expression overview shows RNA-data from three different sources: Internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) RNA-seq data, RNA-seq data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and CAGE data from FANTOM5 project. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar.
HPA dataseti
HPA dataset RNA-seq tissue data is reported as mean TPM (transcripts per million), corresponding to mean values of the different individual samples from each tissue. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar. The RNA-seq assay is described in detail in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category HPA HPA RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on mRNA expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Mixed
GTEx dataseti
GTEx dataset RNA-seq data is reported as median RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads), generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. More information can be found in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category GTEx GTEx RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on mRNA expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Mixed
FANTOM5 dataseti
FANTOM5 dataset Tissue data obtained through Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) are reported as Tags Per Million, generated by the FANTOM5 project. More information can be found in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category FANTOM5 FANTOM5 RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on gene expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Mixed
GENE INFORMATIONi
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Gene name
AR (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
AIS, DHTR, HUMARA, NR3C4, SBMA, SMAX1
Description
Androgen receptor (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract from the normal 9-34 repeats to the pathogenic 38-62 repeats causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]
The protein browser displays the antigen location on the target protein(s) and the features of the target protein. The tabs at the top of the protein view section can be used to switch between the different splice variants to which an antigen has been mapped.
At the top of the view, the position of the antigen (identified by the corresponding HPA identifier) is shown as a green bar. A yellow triangle on the bar indicates a <100% sequence identity to the protein target.
Under the antigens, the maximum percent sequence identity of the protein to all other proteins from other human genes is displayed, using a sliding window of 10 aa residues (HsID 10) or 50 aa residues (HsID 50). The region with the lowest possible identity is always selected for antigen design, with a maximum identity of 60% allowed for designing a single-target antigen (read more).
The curve in blue displays the predicted antigenicity i.e. the tendency for different regions of the protein to generate an immune response, with peak regions being predicted to be more antigenic.The curve shows average values based on a sliding window approach using an in-house propensity scale. (read more).
If a signal peptide is predicted by a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius (turquoise) and/or transmembrane regions (orange) are predicted by MDM, these are displayed.
Low complexity regions are shown in yellow and InterPro regions in green. Common (purple) and unique (grey) regions between different splice variants of the gene are also displayed (read more), and at the bottom of the protein view is the protein scale.
AR-001
AR-002
AR-004
AR-201
AR-202
AR-203
AR-204
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
Nuclear receptors Phobius predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Plasma proteins Transcription factors Zinc-coordinating DNA-binding domains Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutational cancer driver genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Missense Mutations COSMIC Germline Mutations Disease related genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000790 [nuclear chromatin] GO:0000978 [RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001077 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding] GO:0001085 [RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding] GO:0001701 [in utero embryonic development] GO:0003073 [regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure] GO:0003382 [epithelial cell morphogenesis] GO:0003677 [DNA binding] GO:0003682 [chromatin binding] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0004879 [RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0004882 [androgen receptor activity] GO:0005102 [receptor binding] GO:0005496 [steroid binding] GO:0005497 [androgen binding] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0005886 [plasma membrane] GO:0006351 [transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006367 [transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006810 [transport] GO:0007165 [signal transduction] GO:0007267 [cell-cell signaling] GO:0007283 [spermatogenesis] GO:0007338 [single fertilization] GO:0007548 [sex differentiation] GO:0008013 [beta-catenin binding] GO:0008134 [transcription factor binding] GO:0008270 [zinc ion binding] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0008284 [positive regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0008289 [lipid binding] GO:0008584 [male gonad development] GO:0009566 [fertilization] GO:0009987 [cellular process] GO:0010468 [regulation of gene expression] GO:0010628 [positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0016049 [cell growth] GO:0016579 [protein deubiquitination] GO:0019102 [male somatic sex determination] GO:0019899 [enzyme binding] GO:0030521 [androgen receptor signaling pathway] GO:0030522 [intracellular receptor signaling pathway] GO:0030850 [prostate gland development] GO:0033148 [positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway] GO:0033327 [Leydig cell differentiation] GO:0035264 [multicellular organism growth] GO:0042327 [positive regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0043401 [steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway] GO:0043410 [positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0043568 [positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway] GO:0044212 [transcription regulatory region DNA binding] GO:0045597 [positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045720 [negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process] GO:0045726 [positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process] GO:0045893 [positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0045945 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0046983 [protein dimerization activity] GO:0048608 [reproductive structure development] GO:0048638 [regulation of developmental growth] GO:0048645 [animal organ formation] GO:0048808 [male genitalia morphogenesis] GO:0050680 [negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation] GO:0050790 [regulation of catalytic activity] GO:0051092 [positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051117 [ATPase binding] GO:0051259 [protein oligomerization] GO:0060520 [activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signaling pathway] GO:0060571 [morphogenesis of an epithelial fold] GO:0060599 [lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis] GO:0060685 [regulation of prostatic bud formation] GO:0060736 [prostate gland growth] GO:0060740 [prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis] GO:0060742 [epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development] GO:0060748 [tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis] GO:0060749 [mammary gland alveolus development] GO:0060769 [positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development] GO:0061458 [reproductive system development] GO:0070974 [POU domain binding] GO:0072520 [seminiferous tubule development] GO:0090003 [regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane] GO:2001237 [negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway]
Nuclear receptors THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Plasma proteins Transcription factors Zinc-coordinating DNA-binding domains Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutational cancer driver genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Missense Mutations COSMIC Germline Mutations Disease related genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000790 [nuclear chromatin] GO:0000978 [RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001077 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding] GO:0001085 [RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding] GO:0003677 [DNA binding] GO:0003682 [chromatin binding] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0003707 [steroid hormone receptor activity] GO:0004879 [RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0004882 [androgen receptor activity] GO:0005102 [receptor binding] GO:0005496 [steroid binding] GO:0005497 [androgen binding] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006351 [transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006367 [transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006810 [transport] GO:0007165 [signal transduction] GO:0007267 [cell-cell signaling] GO:0007548 [sex differentiation] GO:0008013 [beta-catenin binding] GO:0008134 [transcription factor binding] GO:0008270 [zinc ion binding] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0008284 [positive regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0008289 [lipid binding] GO:0010628 [positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0016049 [cell growth] GO:0016579 [protein deubiquitination] GO:0019899 [enzyme binding] GO:0030521 [androgen receptor signaling pathway] GO:0030522 [intracellular receptor signaling pathway] GO:0030850 [prostate gland development] GO:0042327 [positive regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0043401 [steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0044212 [transcription regulatory region DNA binding] GO:0045597 [positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045720 [negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process] GO:0045726 [positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process] GO:0045893 [positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0045945 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0046983 [protein dimerization activity] GO:0051092 [positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051117 [ATPase binding] GO:0051259 [protein oligomerization] GO:0090003 [regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane] GO:2001237 [negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway]
Nuclear receptors Predicted intracellular proteins Plasma proteins Transcription factors Zinc-coordinating DNA-binding domains Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutational cancer driver genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Missense Mutations COSMIC Germline Mutations Disease related genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000790 [nuclear chromatin] GO:0000978 [RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001077 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding] GO:0001085 [RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding] GO:0003677 [DNA binding] GO:0003682 [chromatin binding] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0004879 [RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0004882 [androgen receptor activity] GO:0005102 [receptor binding] GO:0005496 [steroid binding] GO:0005497 [androgen binding] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0006351 [transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006367 [transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006810 [transport] GO:0007165 [signal transduction] GO:0007267 [cell-cell signaling] GO:0007548 [sex differentiation] GO:0008013 [beta-catenin binding] GO:0008134 [transcription factor binding] GO:0008270 [zinc ion binding] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0008284 [positive regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0008285 [negative regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0008289 [lipid binding] GO:0010628 [positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0016049 [cell growth] GO:0016579 [protein deubiquitination] GO:0019899 [enzyme binding] GO:0030521 [androgen receptor signaling pathway] GO:0030522 [intracellular receptor signaling pathway] GO:0030850 [prostate gland development] GO:0042327 [positive regulation of phosphorylation] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0043401 [steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0044212 [transcription regulatory region DNA binding] GO:0045597 [positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045720 [negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process] GO:0045726 [positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process] GO:0045893 [positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0045945 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0046983 [protein dimerization activity] GO:0051092 [positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051117 [ATPase binding] GO:0051259 [protein oligomerization] GO:0090003 [regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane] GO:2001237 [negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway]
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Mutational cancer driver genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Missense Mutations COSMIC Germline Mutations Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0003677 [DNA binding] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0004882 [androgen receptor activity] GO:0005496 [steroid binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0006351 [transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0008270 [zinc ion binding] GO:0030521 [androgen receptor signaling pathway] GO:0043401 [steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding]
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Mutational cancer driver genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Missense Mutations COSMIC Germline Mutations Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Mutational cancer driver genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Missense Mutations COSMIC Germline Mutations Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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