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RNA category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples (RNA assay description). The categories include: tissue/cell line enriched, group enriched, tissue/cell line enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected. RNA category is calculated separately for The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data from cancer tissues and internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) data from normal tissues and cell lines.
TCGA (cancer tissue):
Tissue enhanced (stomach cancer)
HPA (cell line):
Cell line enhanced (BJ, BJ hTERT+, BJ hTERT+ SV40 Large T+ RasG12V, fHDF/TERT166, hTEC/SVTERT24-B)
HPA (normal tissue):
Tissue enhanced (gallbladder, smooth muscle)
Protein evidencei
Protein evidence scores are generated from several independent sources and are classified as evidence at i) protein level, ii) transcript level, iii) no evidence, or iv) not available.
Evidence at protein level
Protein expression normal tissuei
A summary of the overall protein expression pattern across the analyzed normal tissues. The summary is based on knowledge-based annotation.
"Estimation of protein expression could not be performed. View primary data." is shown for genes analyzed with a knowledge-based approach where available RNA-seq and gene/protein characterization data has been evaluated as not sufficient in combination with immunohistochemistry data to yield a reliable estimation of the protein expression profile.
Standardized explanatory sentences with additional information required for full understanding of the knowledge-based expression profile.
Secreted protein, tissue location of RNA and protein might differ and correlation is complex. Caution, Splice and/or transcript discrepancy exists.
Reliability score - normal tissuesi
Reliability score (score description), divided into Enhanced, Supported, Approved, or Uncertain, is evaluated in normal tissues and based on consistency between antibody staining pattern, available RNA-Seq and gene/protein characterization data, as well as similarity between independent antibodies targeting the same protein.
Kaplan-Meier plots for all cancers where high expression of this gene has significant (p<0.001) association with patient survival are shown in this summary. Whether the prognosis is favourable or unfavourable is indicated in brackets. Each Kaplan-Meier plot is clickable and redirects to a detailed page that includes individual expression and survival data for patients with the selected cancer.
RNA expression overview shows RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).
TCGA dataseti
RNA-seq data in 17 cancer types are reported as median FPKM (number Fragments Per Kilobase of exon per Million reads), generated by the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RNA cancer tissue category is calculated based on mRNA expression levels across all 17 cancer tissues and include: cancer tissue enriched, cancer group enriched, cancer tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected. To access cancer specific RNA and prognostic data, click on the cancer name. The cancer types are color-coded according to which type of normal organ the cancer originates from.
RNA cancer category: Tissue enhanced (stomach cancer)
PROTEIN EXPRESSIONi
Antibody staining in 20 different cancers is summarized by a selection of four standard cancer tissue samples representative of the overall staining pattern. From left: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. An additional fifth image can be added as a complement. The assay and annotation is described here. Note that samples used for immunohistochemistry by the Human Protein Atlas do not correspond to samples in the TCGA dataset.
For each cancer, color-coded bars indicate the percentage of patients (maximum 12 patients) with high and medium protein expression level. The cancer types are color-coded according to which type of normal organ the cancer originates from. Low or not detected protein expression results in a white bar. Mouse-over function shows details about expression level and normal tissue of origin. The images and annotations can be accessed by clicking on the cancer name or protein expression bar. If more than one antibody is analyzed, the tabs at the top of the staining summary section can be used to toggle between the different antibodies.
Rare cases of gliomas showed weak nuclear positivity. One case of head & neck cancer showed strong granular staining. A few testicular, gastric and pancreatic cancers showed weak to moderate staining. Remaining cancer tissues were negative.
GENE INFORMATIONi
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Gene name
GREM1 (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
CKTSF1B1, CRAC1, DAND2, DRM, gremlin, HMPS
Description
Gremlin 1, DAN family BMP antagonist (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
This gene encodes a member of the BMP (bone morphogenic protein) antagonist family. Like BMPs, BMP antagonists contain cystine knots and typically form homo- and heterodimers. The CAN (cerberus and dan) subfamily of BMP antagonists, to which this gene belongs, is characterized by a C-terminal cystine knot with an eight-membered ring. The antagonistic effect of the secreted glycosylated protein encoded by this gene is likely due to its direct binding to BMP proteins. As an antagonist of BMP, this gene may play a role in regulating organogenesis, body patterning, and tissue differentiation. In mouse, this protein has been shown to relay the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signal from the polarizing region to the apical ectodermal ridge during limb bud outgrowth. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]
The protein browser displays the antigen location on the target protein(s) and the features of the target protein. The tabs at the top of the protein view section can be used to switch between the different splice variants to which an antigen has been mapped.
At the top of the view, the position of the antigen (identified by the corresponding HPA identifier) is shown as a green bar. A yellow triangle on the bar indicates a <100% sequence identity to the protein target.
Under the antigens, the maximum percent sequence identity of the protein to all other proteins from other human genes is displayed, using a sliding window of 10 aa residues (HsID 10) or 50 aa residues (HsID 50). The region with the lowest possible identity is always selected for antigen design, with a maximum identity of 60% allowed for designing a single-target antigen (read more).
The curve in blue displays the predicted antigenicity i.e. the tendency for different regions of the protein to generate an immune response, with peak regions being predicted to be more antigenic.The curve shows average values based on a sliding window approach using an in-house propensity scale. (read more).
If a signal peptide is predicted by a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius (turquoise) and/or transmembrane regions (orange) are predicted by MDM, these are displayed.
Low complexity regions are shown in yellow and InterPro regions in green. Common (purple) and unique (grey) regions between different splice variants of the gene are also displayed (read more), and at the bottom of the protein view is the protein scale.
GREM1-001
GREM1-002
GREM1-005
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Disease related genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000902 [cell morphogenesis] GO:0001525 [angiogenesis] GO:0001658 [branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis] GO:0002042 [cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis] GO:0002092 [positive regulation of receptor internalization] GO:0002689 [negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis] GO:0003257 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation] GO:0003337 [mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis] GO:0005125 [cytokine activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005576 [extracellular region] GO:0005615 [extracellular space] GO:0006915 [apoptotic process] GO:0007165 [signal transduction] GO:0007171 [activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0007267 [cell-cell signaling] GO:0008284 [positive regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0009887 [animal organ morphogenesis] GO:0009954 [proximal/distal pattern formation] GO:0009986 [cell surface] GO:0010717 [regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition] GO:0016015 [morphogen activity] GO:0030199 [collagen fibril organization] GO:0030297 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030308 [negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0030326 [embryonic limb morphogenesis] GO:0030502 [negative regulation of bone mineralization] GO:0030514 [negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway] GO:0032331 [negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation] GO:0033689 [negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation] GO:0036122 [BMP binding] GO:0042346 [positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043184 [vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding] GO:0043542 [endothelial cell migration] GO:0045766 [positive regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0045892 [negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0045893 [positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046851 [negative regulation of bone remodeling] GO:0048018 [receptor agonist activity] GO:0048263 [determination of dorsal identity] GO:0051092 [positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051893 [regulation of focal adhesion assembly] GO:0051973 [positive regulation of telomerase activity] GO:0060173 [limb development] GO:0060394 [negative regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation] GO:0060676 [ureteric bud formation] GO:0061098 [positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0090027 [negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis] GO:0090090 [negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0090190 [positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis] GO:0090191 [negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis] GO:0090291 [negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation] GO:1900086 [positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:1900155 [negative regulation of bone trabecula formation] GO:1900158 [negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation] GO:2000273 [positive regulation of receptor activity] GO:2000727 [positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation]
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Disease related genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000902 [cell morphogenesis] GO:0002042 [cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis] GO:0002092 [positive regulation of receptor internalization] GO:0003257 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation] GO:0005125 [cytokine activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005576 [extracellular region] GO:0005615 [extracellular space] GO:0007165 [signal transduction] GO:0007171 [activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0008284 [positive regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0010717 [regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition] GO:0016015 [morphogen activity] GO:0030199 [collagen fibril organization] GO:0030297 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030502 [negative regulation of bone mineralization] GO:0030514 [negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway] GO:0032331 [negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation] GO:0033689 [negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation] GO:0036122 [BMP binding] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043184 [vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046851 [negative regulation of bone remodeling] GO:0048018 [receptor agonist activity] GO:0048263 [determination of dorsal identity] GO:0051973 [positive regulation of telomerase activity] GO:0060173 [limb development] GO:0060394 [negative regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation] GO:0090027 [negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis] GO:0090090 [negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0090291 [negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation] GO:1900086 [positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:1900155 [negative regulation of bone trabecula formation] GO:1900158 [negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation] GO:2000273 [positive regulation of receptor activity] GO:2000727 [positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
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