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RNA category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples (RNA assay description). The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected. RNA category is calculated separately for data imported from The Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEX), FANTOM5 Consortium (FANTOM5) and internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) data.
Protein evidence scores are generated from several independent sources and are classified as evidence at i) protein level, ii) transcript level, iii) no evidence, or iv) not available.
Evidence at protein level
Protein expressioni
A summary of the overall protein expression pattern across the analyzed normal tissues. The summary is based on knowledge-based annotation.
"Estimation of protein expression could not be performed. View primary data." is shown for genes analyzed with a knowledge-based approach where available RNA-seq and gene/protein characterization data has been evaluated as not sufficient in combination with immunohistochemistry data to yield a reliable estimation of the protein expression profile.
Distinct cytoplasmic expression most tissues, highly abundant in glial cells of CNS, glandular and immune cells in several tissues.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY DATA RELIABILITY
Data reliability descriptioni
Standardized explanatory sentences with additional information required for full understanding of the knowledge-based expression profile.
Antibody staining consistent with RNA expression data.
Reliability scorei
Reliability score (score description), divided into Enhanced, Supported, Approved, or Uncertain, is evaluated in normal tissues and based on consistency between antibody staining pattern, available RNA-Seq and gene/protein characterization data, as well as similarity between independent antibodies targeting the same protein.
Below is an overview of RNA and protein expression data generated in the Human Protein Atlas project. Analyzed tissues are divided into color-coded groups according to which functional features they have in common. For each group, a list of included tissues is accessed by clicking on group name, group symbol, RNA bar, or protein bar. Subsequent selection of a particular tissue in this list links to the image data page.
Images of selected tissues give a visual summary of the protein expression profile furthest to the right.
The gray human body provides links to a histology dictionary when clicking on any part of the figure.
RNA expression (TPM)i
RNA-seq results generated in HPA are reported as number of transcripts per million (TPM). Each bar represents the highest expression score found in a particular group of tissues. The assay is described more in detail in Assays & Annotation.
Protein expression (score)i
Each bar represents the highest expression score found in a particular group of tissues. Protein expression scores are based on a best estimate of the "true" protein expression from a knowledge-based annotation, described more in detail under Assays & annotation. For genes where more than one antibody has been used, a collective score is set displaying the estimated true protein expression.
Protein expression data is shown for each of the 44 tissues. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. Mouse-over function shows protein score for analyzed cell types in a selected tissue. To access image data click on tissue name or bar. Annotation of protein expression is described in detail in Assays & annotation.
For genes with available protein data for which a knowledge-based annotation gave inconclusive results, no protein expression data is displayed in the protein expression data overview. However, all immunohistochemical images are still available and the annotation data can be found under Primary data.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA EXPRESSION OVERVIEWi
RNA expression overview shows RNA-data from three different sources: Internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) RNA-seq data, RNA-seq data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and CAGE data from FANTOM5 project. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar.
HPA dataseti
HPA dataset RNA-seq tissue data is reported as mean TPM (transcripts per million), corresponding to mean values of the different individual samples from each tissue. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar. The RNA-seq assay is described in detail in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category HPA HPA RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on mRNA expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Mixed
GTEx dataseti
GTEx dataset RNA-seq data is reported as median RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads), generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. More information can be found in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category GTEx GTEx RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on mRNA expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Tissue enhanced (spleen)
FANTOM5 dataseti
FANTOM5 dataset Tissue data obtained through Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) are reported as Tags Per Million, generated by the FANTOM5 project. More information can be found in Assays & Annotation.
RNA tissue category FANTOM5 FANTOM5 RNA tissue category (category description) is calculated based on gene expression levels across all tissues and include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, expressed in all, mixed and not detected.
Organ
Expression
Alphabetical
RNA tissue category: Expressed in all
GENE INFORMATIONi
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Gene name
SYK
Synonyms
Description
Spleen associated tyrosine kinase (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
This gene encodes a member of the family of non-receptor type Tyr protein kinases. This protein is widely expressed in hematopoietic cells and is involved in coupling activated immunoreceptors to downstream signaling events that mediate diverse cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and phagocytosis. It is thought to be a modulator of epithelial cell growth and a potential tumour suppressor in human breast carcinomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]
The protein browser displays the antigen location on the target protein(s) and the features of the target protein. The tabs at the top of the protein view section can be used to switch between the different splice variants to which an antigen has been mapped.
At the top of the view, the position of the antigen (identified by the corresponding HPA identifier) is shown as a green bar. A yellow triangle on the bar indicates a <100% sequence identity to the protein target.
Under the antigens, the maximum percent sequence identity of the protein to all other proteins from other human genes is displayed, using a sliding window of 10 aa residues (HsID 10) or 50 aa residues (HsID 50). The region with the lowest possible identity is always selected for antigen design, with a maximum identity of 60% allowed for designing a single-target antigen (read more).
The curve in blue displays the predicted antigenicity i.e. the tendency for different regions of the protein to generate an immune response, with peak regions being predicted to be more antigenic.The curve shows average values based on a sliding window approach using an in-house propensity scale. (read more).
If a signal peptide is predicted by a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius (turquoise) and/or transmembrane regions (orange) are predicted by MDM, these are displayed.
Low complexity regions are shown in yellow and InterPro regions in green. Common (purple) and unique (grey) regions between different splice variants of the gene are also displayed (read more), and at the bottom of the protein view is the protein scale.
SYK-001
SYK-002
SYK-003
SYK-004
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Kinases Tyr protein kinases SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166 [nucleotide binding] GO:0000187 [activation of MAPK activity] GO:0001525 [angiogenesis] GO:0001820 [serotonin secretion] GO:0001945 [lymph vessel development] GO:0002092 [positive regulation of receptor internalization] GO:0002223 [stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002250 [adaptive immune response] GO:0002281 [macrophage activation involved in immune response] GO:0002283 [neutrophil activation involved in immune response] GO:0002366 [leukocyte activation involved in immune response] GO:0002376 [immune system process] GO:0002554 [serotonin secretion by platelet] GO:0004672 [protein kinase activity] GO:0004674 [protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0004713 [protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0004715 [non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0004716 [signal transducer, downstream of receptor, with protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0005178 [integrin binding] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005524 [ATP binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0005886 [plasma membrane] GO:0006468 [protein phosphorylation] GO:0006954 [inflammatory response] GO:0007159 [leukocyte cell-cell adhesion] GO:0007166 [cell surface receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007167 [enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway] GO:0007169 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway] GO:0007229 [integrin-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0007257 [activation of JUN kinase activity] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0009887 [animal organ morphogenesis] GO:0010543 [regulation of platelet activation] GO:0010803 [regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016020 [membrane] GO:0016032 [viral process] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016740 [transferase activity] GO:0018105 [peptidyl-serine phosphorylation] GO:0018108 [peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation] GO:0019370 [leukotriene biosynthetic process] GO:0019815 [B cell receptor complex] GO:0019901 [protein kinase binding] GO:0019902 [phosphatase binding] GO:0030168 [platelet activation] GO:0030593 [neutrophil chemotaxis] GO:0031234 [extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane] GO:0031623 [receptor internalization] GO:0032009 [early phagosome] GO:0032481 [positive regulation of type I interferon production] GO:0032928 [regulation of superoxide anion generation] GO:0033630 [positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin] GO:0035325 [Toll-like receptor binding] GO:0035556 [intracellular signal transduction] GO:0038083 [peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:0038095 [Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway] GO:0038096 [Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis] GO:0042101 [T cell receptor complex] GO:0042742 [defense response to bacterium] GO:0042991 [transcription factor import into nucleus] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0043306 [positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043313 [regulation of neutrophil degranulation] GO:0043366 [beta selection] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045401 [positive regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process] GO:0045425 [positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process] GO:0045579 [positive regulation of B cell differentiation] GO:0045588 [positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation] GO:0045780 [positive regulation of bone resorption] GO:0046638 [positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation] GO:0046641 [positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation] GO:0046777 [protein autophosphorylation] GO:0048514 [blood vessel morphogenesis] GO:0050715 [positive regulation of cytokine secretion] GO:0050731 [positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation] GO:0050764 [regulation of phagocytosis] GO:0050850 [positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling] GO:0050853 [B cell receptor signaling pathway] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0070372 [regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0071226 [cellular response to molecule of fungal origin] GO:0071404 [cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus] GO:0090237 [regulation of arachidonic acid secretion] GO:0090330 [regulation of platelet aggregation]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Kinases Tyr protein kinases SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166 [nucleotide binding] GO:0001525 [angiogenesis] GO:0001945 [lymph vessel development] GO:0002223 [stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002250 [adaptive immune response] GO:0002281 [macrophage activation involved in immune response] GO:0002283 [neutrophil activation involved in immune response] GO:0002366 [leukocyte activation involved in immune response] GO:0002376 [immune system process] GO:0002554 [serotonin secretion by platelet] GO:0004672 [protein kinase activity] GO:0004674 [protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0004713 [protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0004715 [non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0005178 [integrin binding] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005524 [ATP binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0005886 [plasma membrane] GO:0006468 [protein phosphorylation] GO:0006954 [inflammatory response] GO:0007159 [leukocyte cell-cell adhesion] GO:0007169 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway] GO:0007229 [integrin-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0009887 [animal organ morphogenesis] GO:0010543 [regulation of platelet activation] GO:0010803 [regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016020 [membrane] GO:0016032 [viral process] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016740 [transferase activity] GO:0030168 [platelet activation] GO:0030593 [neutrophil chemotaxis] GO:0031234 [extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane] GO:0031623 [receptor internalization] GO:0032009 [early phagosome] GO:0032928 [regulation of superoxide anion generation] GO:0033630 [positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin] GO:0035556 [intracellular signal transduction] GO:0038083 [peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:0038095 [Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway] GO:0038096 [Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis] GO:0042101 [T cell receptor complex] GO:0042742 [defense response to bacterium] GO:0042991 [transcription factor import into nucleus] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0043306 [positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043313 [regulation of neutrophil degranulation] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045579 [positive regulation of B cell differentiation] GO:0045780 [positive regulation of bone resorption] GO:0046641 [positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation] GO:0048514 [blood vessel morphogenesis] GO:0050764 [regulation of phagocytosis] GO:0050853 [B cell receptor signaling pathway] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0070372 [regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0071226 [cellular response to molecule of fungal origin] GO:0071404 [cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus] GO:0090237 [regulation of arachidonic acid secretion] GO:0090330 [regulation of platelet aggregation]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Kinases Tyr protein kinases SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166 [nucleotide binding] GO:0001525 [angiogenesis] GO:0001945 [lymph vessel development] GO:0002223 [stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002250 [adaptive immune response] GO:0002281 [macrophage activation involved in immune response] GO:0002283 [neutrophil activation involved in immune response] GO:0002366 [leukocyte activation involved in immune response] GO:0002376 [immune system process] GO:0002554 [serotonin secretion by platelet] GO:0004672 [protein kinase activity] GO:0004674 [protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0004713 [protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0004715 [non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0005178 [integrin binding] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005524 [ATP binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0005886 [plasma membrane] GO:0006468 [protein phosphorylation] GO:0006954 [inflammatory response] GO:0007159 [leukocyte cell-cell adhesion] GO:0007169 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway] GO:0007229 [integrin-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0009887 [animal organ morphogenesis] GO:0010543 [regulation of platelet activation] GO:0010803 [regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016020 [membrane] GO:0016032 [viral process] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016740 [transferase activity] GO:0018108 [peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation] GO:0030168 [platelet activation] GO:0030593 [neutrophil chemotaxis] GO:0031234 [extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane] GO:0031623 [receptor internalization] GO:0032009 [early phagosome] GO:0032928 [regulation of superoxide anion generation] GO:0033630 [positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin] GO:0035556 [intracellular signal transduction] GO:0038083 [peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:0038095 [Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway] GO:0038096 [Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis] GO:0042101 [T cell receptor complex] GO:0042742 [defense response to bacterium] GO:0042991 [transcription factor import into nucleus] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0043306 [positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043313 [regulation of neutrophil degranulation] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045579 [positive regulation of B cell differentiation] GO:0045780 [positive regulation of bone resorption] GO:0046641 [positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation] GO:0048514 [blood vessel morphogenesis] GO:0050764 [regulation of phagocytosis] GO:0050853 [B cell receptor signaling pathway] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0070372 [regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0071226 [cellular response to molecule of fungal origin] GO:0071404 [cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus] GO:0090237 [regulation of arachidonic acid secretion] GO:0090330 [regulation of platelet aggregation]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Kinases Tyr protein kinases SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166 [nucleotide binding] GO:0001525 [angiogenesis] GO:0001945 [lymph vessel development] GO:0002223 [stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002250 [adaptive immune response] GO:0002281 [macrophage activation involved in immune response] GO:0002283 [neutrophil activation involved in immune response] GO:0002366 [leukocyte activation involved in immune response] GO:0002376 [immune system process] GO:0002554 [serotonin secretion by platelet] GO:0004672 [protein kinase activity] GO:0004674 [protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0004713 [protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0004715 [non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0005178 [integrin binding] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005524 [ATP binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0005886 [plasma membrane] GO:0006468 [protein phosphorylation] GO:0006954 [inflammatory response] GO:0007159 [leukocyte cell-cell adhesion] GO:0007169 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway] GO:0007229 [integrin-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0008283 [cell proliferation] GO:0009887 [animal organ morphogenesis] GO:0010543 [regulation of platelet activation] GO:0010803 [regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016020 [membrane] GO:0016032 [viral process] GO:0016301 [kinase activity] GO:0016310 [phosphorylation] GO:0016740 [transferase activity] GO:0018108 [peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation] GO:0030168 [platelet activation] GO:0030593 [neutrophil chemotaxis] GO:0031234 [extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane] GO:0031623 [receptor internalization] GO:0032009 [early phagosome] GO:0032928 [regulation of superoxide anion generation] GO:0033630 [positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin] GO:0035556 [intracellular signal transduction] GO:0038083 [peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:0038095 [Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway] GO:0038096 [Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis] GO:0042101 [T cell receptor complex] GO:0042742 [defense response to bacterium] GO:0042991 [transcription factor import into nucleus] GO:0043234 [protein complex] GO:0043306 [positive regulation of mast cell degranulation] GO:0043313 [regulation of neutrophil degranulation] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045579 [positive regulation of B cell differentiation] GO:0045780 [positive regulation of bone resorption] GO:0046641 [positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation] GO:0048514 [blood vessel morphogenesis] GO:0050764 [regulation of phagocytosis] GO:0050853 [B cell receptor signaling pathway] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0070372 [regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0071226 [cellular response to molecule of fungal origin] GO:0071404 [cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus] GO:0090237 [regulation of arachidonic acid secretion] GO:0090330 [regulation of platelet aggregation]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
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