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Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer form in women worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. The global age-adjusted incidence rate for breast cancer is 124 per 100,000 women per year. Male breast cancer is exceedingly rare and accounts for around 1% of cases. Although the rate of breast cancer diagnosis increased during the 1990's, it has decreased since the year 2000 and the overall breast cancer death rate has dropped steadily in the western world. The majority of breast cancers develop sporadically, but for 5-10% of patients there is a hereditary component. The most well known genes associated with increased breast cancer risk are BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 experience up to a 60% risk to develop breast cancer by the age of 90. Other risk factors include early menarche and late menopause. Pregnancy has been reported to decrease risk, probably due to the changes in breast tissue.
Breast cancer forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands where the milk is produced). Based on the presumed site of origin and morphology, breast cancer is broadly classified as ductal or lobular cancers.
Here, we explore the breast cancer proteome using TCGA transcriptomics data and antibody based protein data.
578 genes are suggested as prognostic based
on transcriptomics data from 1075 patients; 210 genes
associated with unfavourable prognosis and 368 genes associated with favourable prognosis.
TCGA data analysis
In this metadata study we used data from TCGA where transcriptomics data was available from 1075 patients in total. The dataset included 1063 females and 12 males. Most of the patients (923 patients) were still alive at the time of data collection. The stage distribution was stage i) 180 patients, stage ii) 609 patients, stage iii) 243 patients, stage iv) 20 patients, and 11 patients with missing stage information.
Unfavourable prognostic genes in breast cancer
For unfavourable genes, higher relative expression levels at diagnosis gives significantly lower overall survival for the patients.
There are 210 genes
associated with unfavourable prognosis in breast cancer. In Table 1, the top 20 most significant genes related to unfavourable prognosis are listed.
CBX3 is a gene associated with unfavourable prognosis in breast cancer. The best separation is achieved by an expression cutoff at 59.2 fpkm
which divides the patients into two groups with 78% 5-year survival for patients with high expression versus 84% for patients with low expression, p-value: 7.92e-4.
Protein DNA-binding Chromobox protein homolog 3 is encoded by the CBX3 gene and is a component of the heterochromatin, thus important in transcriptional silencing.
Immunohistochemical staining using an antibody targeting CBX3 (HPA004902) shows differential expression pattern in breast cancer samples.
For favourable genes, higher relative expression levels at diagnosis gives significantly higher overall survival for the patients.
There are 368 genes associated with favourable prognosis in breast cancer. In Table 2, the top 20 most significant genes related to favourable prognosis are listed.
MVP is a gene associated with favourable prognosis in breast cancer. The best separation is achieved by an expression cutoff at 26.9 fpkm
which divides the patients into two groups with 87% 5-year survival for patients with high expression versus 75% for patients with low expression, p-value: 4.51e-4.
The Major Vault Protein is encoded by MVP and is an important component of large ribonucleoprotein particles found in eukaryotic cells. The MVP protein may play a role in several cellular functions
such as signaling pathway regulation of the JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT and MAP kinase pathways. MVP also seems to be implicated in multi-drug resistance and previous reports link the expression of MVP
to prognosis in several cancer types. Immunohistochemical staining using an antibody targeting MVP (HPA064740) shows differential expression pattern
in breast cancer samples.
The transcriptome analysis shows that 72% (n=14027) of all human genes (n=19479)
are expressed in breast cancer. All genes were classified according to the breast cancer-specific expression into one of five different categories, based
on the ratio between mRNA levels in breast cancer compared to the mRNA levels in the other 16 analyzed cancer tissues. 154 genes show some level of elevated expression
in breast cancer compared to other cancers (Figure 1). The elevated category is further subdivided into three categories as shown in Table 3.
Figure 1. The distribution of all genes across the five categories based on transcript abundance in breast cancer as well as in all other cancer tissues.
Table 3. Number of genes in the subdivided categories of elevated expression in breast cancer.
Staging of breast cancer is based on the presence of local and/or distant spread. Localized, disease (Stage I) comprises approximately 60% of cases, while in about 5% the cancer has spread to distant organs such as liver and bone (Stage IV). Approximately 35% are Stage II or III, indicating tumor spread to regional lymph nodes.
All breast cancers may be differentiated histologically into three grades utilizing the Nottingham Grading System (NGS), also termed the Elston-Ellis grading system, by evaluating three tumor parameters. Parameters evaluated in this system are (i) extent of tubular differentiation, (ii) nuclear pleomorphism and (iii) mitotic activity assessed by counting mitotic figures in ten high power fields. Each parameter is given a score of 1 to 3 and the score of all three components are added together to a final score e.g. 1+1+1=3. The lowest final scores of 3, 4 and 5 represent well-differentiated tumors (Grade I) associated with better survival. The highest possible score is 9 (3+3+3=9) reflecting a poorly differentiated (Grade III) tumor associated with poor overall survival. In a large proportion of breast cancer, precursor lesions such as intraductal carcinoma are present adjacent to the invasive component of the tumor. Such regions of non-invasive cancer are denoted as cancer in situ and are important to recognize in the diagnostic procedure.
Immunohistochemistry is used routinely on all breast cancers to gain important information about the prognosis as well as for predicting response to specific anticancer therapies. The most commonly used antibodies include antibodies detecting the estrogen a receptor (ER, ESR1), progesterone receptor (PR, PGR), HER-2 (ERBB2) and the proliferation marker Ki-67 (MKI67). The tumor stage and grade, as well as results from immunohistochemistry, are used to personalize treatment options.
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
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